Microprocessor is very important in our electronics and computer system. no other development in the world of science has so helped mankind as the wonder chip microprocessor.
"micro-processor is a chip containing , some control and logic circuits that is capable of making arithmetic and logical decision of based on input data and produces the corresponding arithmetic
and logic output.
micro-processor is a multipurpose programmable clock driven , register based electronics device that read binary instruction from a storage device called memory , accepts binary data as input and processed data according to those instruction and provide results as output"
The world’s first micro-processor came in the year 1971,inventedby Marcain E. Hoff.the intel 4001 was four bit micro-processor a programmable controller on a chip
First generation micro-processor 1971-73..>the intel 4004 was a four bit-microprocessor a programmable controller on a chip.this chip addressed 4096 memory locations and it contained 45 instruction. it is used PMOS
Technology and execution rate was 50,000 instruction per second. even today low and
Applications like microwave ovens use this chip.
4004 not compatible with TTL technology. It is a low speed, low cost.
Other processor in first generation
>>4040 by intel
>>Fairchild pps 25
>>national imp 4
In1971 intel released 8008, a eight bit processor . this had capability to access 16k bytes memory and 48 instruction .this intel 8008 and Motorola corporations MC6800 came in the year 1973.in1977, intel brought out 8085 the ultimate in eight bit processors.
8 bit micro-processor
>>8008 –intel
>>national –imp-8
16 bit micro-processor
>> national-imp-16
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SECOND GENERATION MICRO-PROCESSORS 1974-1978In this generation we use nmos technology. so we get higher speed ,higher density, better realibility.
Intel 8085 was fast enough to execute 7,69,230 instruction per second. There are well over 700 million micro-processor of the 8085 going around the world making it the most popular choice for learning higher processor.
8086 was introduced by intel in 1978 .the worlds first sixteen bit processor. after about an year,8088 also came out
Processors in second generation
>>intel 8080
>>intel 8085
>>Faichild f8
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THIRD GENERATION MICROPROCESSOR 1978-1980
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features of 3rd generation
:all of them are 16 bit micro-processors.they use 'hmos' technology,better speed,higher packing density
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processors
>>intel 8086
>>intel 8088
>>intel 80186
>>motorola 68000
the main difference between the two processor is that 8088 has a eight bit data bus so that many of the peripherals developed for 8085 can still used. both the processor could address one megabytes (10,48,576)of memory. the operational speed was enhanced by queue of six bytes , which were pre-fetched from memory before execution . while 8085 had 246 instruction,8086/88 had over 20,000 instruction . they were complex instruction set computer(cisc)processors because of the number and complexity of instruction
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8080 was used in IBM for there personal computer. the application now spread over word processors,spread sheet,spelling checker and dictionaries. the numeric c0-processors 8087 enhanced the mathematical capabilities of both 8086 and 8088
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FORTH GENERATION
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All of them 32 bit micro-processor
.... they used low power hmos technology
....... larger memory,faster operation
new method used in this generation is ........ RISC....... technology ( Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
processors in this generation
>>intel 80386
>>intel 80486
>>motorola m 68030
what is intel 80286
........ they introduced in 1982 February . they used in IBM advanced technology machines. this
micro-processor have speed of 8 mhz to 20 mhz. they contains 1,34,000 transistors. this is the first multitasking processor. it's data bus 16 bits and address bus 24 bits
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FIFTH GENERATION
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All are 64 bits micro-processors
>>high speed
>>
The Pentium processors were introduced by Intel in 1993 were similar to 80386 and 80486 processor. They had 66MHz clock speed and 110 MIPS. Higher speed 200 MHz and cache of 16k bytes were available in advanced versions. This is also the first 64 bit processor and finds application in double precision floating point number used for high speed vector generated graphical displays., full frame video displays etc , have brought about improved entertainment HDTV and educational tele-learning application
The super scalar technology (LSI, VLSI, ulsi) of Pentium processors allows it to execute two independent instruction at a time.
Labels: Micro-Processors